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| corporal punishment that generally consists of striking the buttocks of a child or teenager with either an open hand or an implement. Many countries oppose or prohibit spanking as a form of discipline, and many organizations dedicated to the health of children oppose spanking as a form of discipline. The verb "to spank" has been known in English since 1727, possibly onomatopeic in nature. English and several other languages have a specific, common verb for "spanking", that distinguishes it from corporal punishment applied on the buttocks. Thus in Latin the only word derived from "culus" (buttocks) was "culare" meaning "to spank", similar to the Italian "sculacciare"; in Spanish "azotes" or "nalgadas", from "nalga" (butt); in French, the verb is "fesser", also from "fesses" (buttocks). Spankings are most commonly administered to children by parents and in schools,[1] and spanking of boys tends to be more frequent than spanking of girls.[2][3][4][5][6] School corporal punishment is banned in most of the western world, including every country in Europe, Japan, South Africa and New Zealand.[7] There is no consensus on how much paddling occurs in U.S. schools. Some estimates[who?] place the number of paddlings at approximately 350,000 a year, while the National Association of School Psychologists places the number at 1.5 million cases a year.[8] The Center for Effective Discipline states that the number of students struck in 2006 in U.S. public schools was 223,190.[9] In the United States, black students are more likely to be hit than white students, and male students more likely than female students, for the same infractions.[10] Corporal punishment of male students also tends to be more severe.[citation needed] Some studies have shown that children who are spanked are more likely to be angry as adults, use spanking as a form of discipline, approve of striking a spouse and experience marital discord.[11] Spanking older children is associated with more physical aggression, substance abuse, crime and violence.[12][opinion needs balancing] According to a study published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine (online on Aug 19, 2008), mothers who spank their children are nearly three times more likely to also use harsher forms of punishment -- such as beating, burning, kicking, or shaking a child less than 2 years old -- than mothers who did not use spanking, and increases in the frequency of spanking are associated with increased odds of abuse.[13] Opponents of spanking suggest numerous methods of non-violent child discipline which they consider at least as effective as spanking, while lacking the negative side-effects they attribute to spanking. Several agencies responsible for the child health have issued policies against corporal punishment. The United Nations standards on human rights standards discourage all corporal punishment, including spanking.[14] UNESCO also recommends that corporal punishment be prohibited in schools, homes and institutions as a form of discipline, and that it is violation of human rights as well as counterproductive, ineffective, dangerous and harmful to children on several levels.[15] The Australian Psychological Society holds the corporal punishment of children is an ineffective method of deterring unwanted behavior, promotes undesirable behaviors and fails to demonstrate an alternative desirable behavior.[16] The Canadian Pediatrics Society reviewed research on spanking and concluded that it was associated with negative outcomes, and recommended spanking be discouraged by physicians.[17] The Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health supports advocacy to protect children from all types of assault[neutrality disputed] including spanking[18] and opposes striking of children in all circumstances.[19] The Royal College of Psychiatrists also take the position that corporal punishment is unacceptable in all circumstances.[20] The American Academy of Pediatrics stated that corporal punishment possesses negative side effects and limited benefits, and recommends the use of other forms of discipline to manage undesirable behavior.[21] The American Psychological Association believes that the use of physical punishment in institutions that care for children is unlikely to improve problem behavior and poses the risk of significant negative side effects including poor self-esteem, hostility and a greater likelihood of using physical aggression.[22] According to Save the Children, spanking of children within families is illegal in 24 countries.[7] Spanking exists in spheres of life distinct from punishment. Note the issue of legal consent which may or may not represent a defence to criminal liability for any injuries caused during the spanking. Apart from the erotic and from fraternity/sorority type initiations, which have their origin in educational (domestic or boot camp) types of discipline, these include: In Latvia there is a tradition of hard spanking on Palm Sunday (called Pussy willow Sunday) morning. The spanker sneaks into the potential spankee's bedroom and wakes him or her up. the whipping is done with pussy willow branches or (rarely) birch. This ritual spanking is often applied to the bare buttocks. Usually young men catch girls or young women and order them to bend over for spanking.[23] Spanking on the bare bottom was optional, but in some areas completely naked whipping with pussy willow branches has been done too. Sometimes spanking is done in early morning with aspen tree birch, while people are sleeping naked or in nightgown.[24] On the first day of the lunar Chinese new year holidays, a week-long 'Spring Festival', the most important festival for Chinese people all over the world, thousands of Chinese visit the Taoist Dong Lung Gong temple in Tungkang to go through the century-old ritual to get rid of bad luck, men by receiving spankings and women by being whipped (as in the Ancient Roman -unisex- Lupercalia); the number of strokes to being administered (always lightly) by the temple staff is decided in either case by the god Wang Ye and by burning incense and tossing two pieces of wood, after which all go home happily, believing their luck will improve.[25] Pomlazka is a pagan Czech Easter festival One prime example of a pagan Czech Easter celebration is the "pomlazka".[26] Farmers used to believe that a whipping after the winter period guaranteed health, prosperity, and most importantly a good harvest. There is a custom in certain circles to administer spankings to the buttocks of the birthday celebrant. Customarily, the person receives the number of smacks corresponding to his or her age, plus "one to grow on", often harder than the rest. A possible origin of this tradition is the smack often given to newborn infants intended to help them start breathing.[27] Spanking is a part of sexual foreplay for some adults, often as a lighthearted playful activity. There is a genre of pornography that incorporates spanking as a sexual fetish. |
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